Long-term observers of president Donald Trump’s political tactics will remember his tendency to adopt what Steve Bannon calls “flooding the zone”, and yesterday’s inauguration day blitz of executive orders was in part intended to overwhelm the media and opponents so that it is harder to focus on any one issue.

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Here is a list of all the key explainers and articles the Guardian has published over the last few hours documenting the areas the second Trump administration has already acted in:

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  What executive orders did Trump sign on day one?

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  Trump declares national border emergency in immigration crackdown

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  What is US birthright citizenship and what does Trump’s executive order do?

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  From meeting Putin to Middle East doubts: What were Trump’s foreign policy moves on day one?

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  Trump signs order to withdraw US from Paris climate agreement for second time

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  Trump vows to “unleash” oil and gas drilling as he rolls back climate rules

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  Donald Trump signs order to withdraw US from World Health Organization

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  Trump issues 1,500 “unconditional” pardons over January 6 Capitol attack

n

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  Trump rolls back trans and gender-identity rights and takes aim at DEI

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  Trump signs executive order to pause US TikTok ban

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  Trump reclassifies thousands of federal employees, making them easier to fire

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  Trump signs order to rename Gulf of Mexico and Alaska’s Denali

n

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Also worth noting among yesterday’s Trump-related events:

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  Senate confirms Marco Rubio as US secretary of state in boost for Trump

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  US Senate passes migrant detention bill hours after Trump sworn in

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  Joe Biden’s last-minute pardons draw ire from both sides of political divide

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  Elon Musk appears to make back-to-back fascist salutes at inauguration rally

n

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The Democratic party former House speaker Nancy Pelosi has described it as “shameful” and “an outrageous insult” that newly inaugurated president Donald Trump has made pardons for those involved in the 6 January Capitol riot a top priority.

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In the statement, Pelosi said:

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n

Tonight, the president announced pardons and commutations of sentences for those who violently attacked the Capitol and law enforcement officers on 6 January. The president’s actions are an outrageous insult to our justice system and the heroes who suffered physical scars and emotional trauma as they protected the Capitol, the Congress and the constitution.

n It is shameful that the president has decided to make one of his top priorities the abandonment and betrayal of police officers who put their lives on the line to stop an attempt to subvert the peaceful transfer of power. Despite the president’s decision, we must always remember the extraordinary courage and valor of the law enforcement heroes who stood in the breach and ensured that democracy survived on that dark day.”

n

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Trump on Monday issued “full, complete and unconditional” presidential pardons for about 1,500 people who were involved in the January 6 attack on Congress, including some convicted of violent acts. Among those whose sentences were commuted was Stewart Rhodes, the founder of the far-right Oath Keepers militia.

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Donald Trump supporters who attacked the US Capitol four years ago will begin to leave prison on Tuesday, after the newly installed president issued a sweeping pardon that signalled he intends to make aggressive use of his executive power, Reuters reports.

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The Republican president’s pardon of 1,500 defendants on Monday drew outrage from lawmakers who were endangered in the 6 January, 2021, attack, when thousands of Trump supporters stormed the Capitol in an unsuccessful attempt to prevent Congress from certifying his 2020 loss to Joe Biden.

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Stewart Rhodes, the former leader of the Oath Keepers militia who had his 18-year prison sentence commuted, was released early on Tuesday after midnight in Cumberland, Maryland.

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Rhodes did not enter the US Capitol on 6 January, but he was found guilty for plotting to use force against Congress to prevent the election certification.

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He was also accused of helping to stockpile firearms at a hotel in nearby Virginia that could be ferried across the river to Washington.

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President Donald Trump said on Tuesday his team was in the process of removing more than a thousand appointees from the administration of former president Joe Biden, as the Republican announced four removals on social media, including of celebrity chef Jose Andres and former top general Mark Milley, Reuters reports.

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}],”data”:{“alt”:”FILE – Retired Gen. Mark Milley, the former chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, appears before the House Foreign Affairs Committee about the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan on Capitol Hill, Tuesday, March 19, 2024, in Washington.”,”caption”:”FILE – Retired Gen. Mark Milley, the former chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, appears before the House Foreign Affairs Committee about the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan on Capitol Hill, Tuesday, March 19, 2024, in Washington. “,”credit”:”Photograph: Mark Schiefelbein/AP”}},{“_type”:”model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.TextBlockElement”,”html”:”

Trump said he was dismissing Milley, who was given a pre-emptive pardon by Biden on Monday, from the National Infrastructure Advisory Council. Andres was removed from the President’s Council on Sports, Fitness and Nutrition, Trump said in a post on Truth Social.

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Newly inaugurated president Donald Trump wasted no time signing off on a number of consequential foreign policy moves, from withdrawing from the World Heath Organization to reversing sanctions on violent Israeli settlers.

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The Guardian’s David Smith has this handy recap of what you ned to know in terms of Trump’s foreign policy moves so far.

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}],”data”:{“alt”:”US President Donald Trump signs numerous executive orders, including pardons for defendants from the January 6th riots and a delay on the TikTok ban, on the first day of his presidency in the Oval Office of the White House in Washington, DC, USA, 20 January 2025.”,”caption”:”US President Donald Trump signs numerous executive orders, including pardons for defendants from the January 6th riots and a delay on the TikTok ban, on the first day of his presidency in the Oval Office of the White House in Washington, DC, USA, 20 January 2025. “,”credit”:”Photograph: Jim Lo Scalzo/EPA”}}],”attributes”:{“pinned”:false,”keyEvent”:true,”summary”:false},”blockCreatedOn”:1737436274000,”blockCreatedOnDisplay”:”00.11 EST”,”blockLastUpdated”:1737436906000,”blockLastUpdatedDisplay”:”00.21 EST”,”blockFirstPublished”:1737436906000,”blockFirstPublishedDisplay”:”00.21 EST”,”blockFirstPublishedDisplayNoTimezone”:”00.21″,”title”:”‘Fast and furious’ foreign policy on Trump’s first day”,”contributors”:[] ,”primaryDateLine”:”Tue 21 Jan 2025 07.24 EST”,”secondaryDateLine”:”First published on Tue 21 Jan 2025 00.06 EST”},{“id”:”678f1ce18f08cc962d775890″,”elements”:[{“_type”:”model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.TextBlockElement”,”html”:”

Hello and welcome to our live coverage of Donald Trump’s inauguration and first day in office.

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Immediately after his swearing-in ceremony on Monday the new US president set into motion a slew of executive orders seeking to make good on his campaign promises and undo the legacy of his predecessor Joe Biden, including the pardoning of January 6 defendants and a crackdown on immigration to the US.

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Trump signed multiple executive orders in front of a raucous crowd of his supporters at the Capital One Arena in DC. “Could you imagine Biden doing this? I don’t think so,” he asked the crowd gleefully at one point. He then signed more during a press conference in the Oval Office.

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The blossoming relationship between Trump and Elon Musk was also on full display at the inauguration; the billionaire sat with other tech titans including Facebook’s Mark Zuckerberg and Amazon founder Jeff Bezos next to Trump family members and ahead of cabinet nominees.

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Trump said that walking back into the already-remodelled Oval Office after his inauguration was “one of the better feelings I’ve ever had.”

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Before leaving the White House for an evening of inaugural balls, Trump spent nearly an hour parrying questions by reporters. He promised that tariffs on Canada and Mexico were coming, suggested that he might visit China and praised the decorators for the new look of his Oval Office. Here is a rundown of how he was greeted by international leaders.

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Here’s a rundown of his executive orders:

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  Trump pardoned about 1,500 January 6 defendantsfacing prosecution for their role in the 2021 storming of the US capitol. Among those pardoned is Enrique Tarrio, the former leader of the Proud Boys, who was sentenced to 22 years in prison on seditious conspiracy charges. Trump also commuted the sentence of Stewart Rhodes, the founder of the Oath Keepers militia, who had been sentenced to 18 years in prison on sedition charges.

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  He also signed an executive order seeking to revoke birthright citizenship– automatic citizenship for people born in the US – for the children of undocumented immigrants. Birthright citizenship is protected by the 14th amendment and the order will almost certainly be challenged in court.

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  One order declared a “national emergency” at the southern border, paving the way to send US troops to the area and another that designated drug cartels as foreign terrorist organizations.

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  He signed an executive order too, for a second time, withdraw the US from the Paris climate accords. He also declared a national energy emergency as part of a barrage of pro-fossil fuel actions and efforts to “unleash” already booming US energy production.

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  Another order will remove the US from the World Health Organization (WHO). “World Health ripped us off, everybody rips off the United States. It’s not going to happen any more,” Trump said at the signing. The withdrawal of the US would dramatically cut funding from the global public health organization.

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  He issued an executive order requiring federal agencies revoke the use of “gender” and “gender identity” and instead use a binary definition of “sex” in implementing policy – including in issuing passports, a move that LGBTQ+ rights groups have vowed to challenge in court.

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  Another order reclassified thousands of federal employees as political hires, making it much easier for them to be fired. Key aides to Trump have called for mass government firings. Project 2025 made attacks on the deep or administrative state a core part of Trump’s second term.

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  One order renamed the 617,800 sq mile Gulf of Mexico and Alaska’s 20,000ft Denali. The Gulf of Mexico will be renamed the Gulf of America, and Denali, the highest mountain in North America, will revert to Mount McKinley, which it was called before Barack Obama changed the name in 2015. The order will have no bearing on the names being used internationally.

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  Trump also signed an executive order temporarily delaying the enforcement of a federal ban on TikTok for at least 75 days. “I guess I have a warm spot for TikTok that I didn’t have originally,” Trump said at the White House.

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Russian President Vladimir Putin and Chinese President Xi Jinping discussed Donald Trump and their relations with the US during a lengthy phone call on Tuesday.

Citing a read-out of the call from Kremlin foreign policy aide Yuri Ushakov, Reuters reports that the two leaders spoke for one hour and 35 minutes.

The read-out states that Xi told Putin about his call with Trump, and the pair confirmed both countries were ready to build relations with the US on a mutually beneficial and respectful basis if the Trump team shows interest.

Ushakov also said that Russia is yet to receive any specific proposals from Washington over contacts with Moscow.

President Donald Trump’s executive order trying to end the right to citizenship for some children born in the US is already subject to legal challenges.

The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) has fled one suit, and another has been filed in Massachusetts, asking the court to declare the order unconstitutional and issue an injunction preventing enforcement.

ABC News’ Peter Charalambous reports the lawsuit is being brought by “an undocumented expectant mother who is due in March and two nonprofit groups”

He reports the lawsuit claims:

This unprecedented attempt to strip citizenship from millions of Americans with the stroke of a pen is flagrantly illegal. The president does not have the power to decide who becomes a citizen at birth.

Those victimized in this way by the executive order would be shorn of their national identity, stigmatized in the eyes of those who should be their fellow citizens, and forced to live with the shame, uncertainty, and fear that comes with potential banishment from their native country. Many would be rendered immediately stateless.

Sam Jones

Sam Jones is the Guardian’s Madrid correspondent

Spain’s culture minister, Ernest Urtasun, has joined his colleague Yolanda Díaz by announcing that he will no longer use X because of Elon Musk’s political interference with the platform.

Announcing his decision on X on Tuesday morning, Urtasun wrote: “Social networks are a tool for public debate. This one, however, has become a megaphone for a far-right oligarch and his tentacles, which promote hate and disinformation. And that is why I am today ceasing to use this account.”

Díaz earlier described Musk’s apparent back-to-back fascist salutes at Donald Trump’s inauguration rally as “emulating the Nazi salute” and “a very stark image”.

Several moments from the inauguration ceremony have gone viral on social media, including this moment when former US secretary of state Hillary Clinton was seen to laugh at president Donald Trump’s announcement that, for the purposes of the US, he would be renaming the Gulf of Mexico to the Gulf of America.

Here is a fuller version of the World Health Organization (WHO) statement on president Donald Trump’s order that the US withdraw from the global agency:

The World Health Organization regrets the announcement that the US intends to withdraw from the Organization.

WHO plays a crucial role in protecting the health and security of the world’s people, including Americans, by addressing the root causes of disease, building stronger health systems, and detecting, preventing and responding to health emergencies, including disease outbreaks, often in dangerous places where others cannot go.

The US was a founding member of WHO in 1948 and has participated in shaping and governing WHO’s work ever since, alongside 193 other member states, including through its active participation in the World Health Assembly and Executive Board.

For over seven decades, WHO and the US have saved countless lives and protected Americans and all people from health threats. Together, we ended smallpox, and together we have brought polio to the brink of eradication.

American institutions have contributed to and benefited from membership in WHO.

With the participation of the US and other member states, WHO has over the past seven years implemented the largest set of reforms in its history, to transform our accountability, cost-effectiveness, and impact in countries. This work continues.

We hope the US will reconsider and we look forward to engaging in constructive dialogue to maintain the partnership between the US and WHO, for the benefit of the health and wellbeing of millions of people around the globe.

Wopke Hoekstra, who is the European Commission’s commissioner for climate, net zero and clean growth has described the Trump-ordered US withdrawal from the Paris Climate deal as “a truly unfortunate development.”

In a statement on social media, Hoekstra said:

It’s a truly unfortunate development that the world’s largest economy, and one of our closest allies in the fight against climate change, is withdrawing from the Paris Agreement.

Despite this setback, we remain committed to working with the US and our international partners to address the pressing issue of climate change.

The science is crystal clear: every incremental increase in global temperatures will come with enormous costs, economically, socially but also in human lives.

The Paris Agreement has strong foundations and is here to stay.

A World Health Organization spokesperson said on Tuesday that it regrets US president Donald Trump’s decision to withdraw from the global agency and hopes that it will change its mind.

“We hope that the US will reconsider, and we really hope that there will be constructive dialogue for the benefit of everyone, for Americans, but also for people around the world,” Reuters reports WHO spokesperson Tarik Jašarević told a Geneva press briefing.

Speaking at the World Economic Forum meeting in Davos, European Commission president Urusula von der Leyen has said she still supports the Paris Climate agreement.

Reuters quotes von der Leyen saying:

Europe will stay the course, and keep working with all nations that want to protect nature and stop global warming.

During her speech, in a clear reference to the change of direction in US policy signalled by Donald Trump, von der Leyen said the use of sanctions, export controls and tariffs was likely to increase, and that in dealing with the US, she said:

Our first priority will be to engage early, discuss common interests, and be ready to negotiate. We will be pragmatic, but we will always stand by our principles. To protect our interests and uphold our values – that is the European way

Trump yesterday ordered the US withdraw from the Paris Climate agreement, as he did during his first term, a decision reversed by Joe Biden just hours after he was sworn in as president in 2021.

Summary: all the key policy actions taken by Donald Trump on inauguration day

Long-term observers of president Donald Trump’s political tactics will remember his tendency to adopt what Steve Bannon calls “flooding the zone”, and yesterday’s inauguration day blitz of executive orders was in part intended to overwhelm the media and opponents so that it is harder to focus on any one issue.

Here is a list of all the key explainers and articles the Guardian has published over the last few hours documenting the areas the second Trump administration has already acted in:

• What executive orders did Trump sign on day one?

• Trump declares national border emergency in immigration crackdown

• What is US birthright citizenship and what does Trump’s executive order do?

• From meeting Putin to Middle East doubts: What were Trump’s foreign policy moves on day one?

• Trump signs order to withdraw US from Paris climate agreement for second time

• Trump vows to “unleash” oil and gas drilling as he rolls back climate rules

• Donald Trump signs order to withdraw US from World Health Organization

• Trump issues 1,500 “unconditional” pardons over January 6 Capitol attack

• Trump rolls back trans and gender-identity rights and takes aim at DEI

• Trump signs executive order to pause US TikTok ban

• Trump reclassifies thousands of federal employees, making them easier to fire

• Trump signs order to rename Gulf of Mexico and Alaska’s Denali

Also worth noting among yesterday’s Trump-related events:

• Senate confirms Marco Rubio as US secretary of state in boost for Trump

• US Senate passes migrant detention bill hours after Trump sworn in

• Joe Biden’s last-minute pardons draw ire from both sides of political divide

• Elon Musk appears to make back-to-back fascist salutes at inauguration rally

Over at CNN, Stephen Collinson has offered his regular analysis of US political events, writing of yesterday:

The new president set off simultaneous political alarms in multiple foreign capitals with off-the-cuff foreign policymaking, instantly turning the US away from the internationalism embraced by every president apart from him since the second world war.

In a freewheeling news conference back in the Oval Office, Trump demonstrated a capacity to drive his own message and move geopolitical chess pieces in public in a way that Biden lost when age caught up with him. The imagery was of a well-briefed new president eyeing big goals, confident that his first term gives him a heads-up on how to wield the levers of power and determined to make the most of a second chance.

But Trump also laced the pageantry of inauguration day with rally-style grievance politics and vast doses of untruths, twisted facts and an increasingly messianic sense of his own power, which was a foreboding omen for the rule of law.

Alexandra Villarreal

Alexandra Villarreal has this explainer on what Donald Trump’s executive order on US birthright citizenship seeks to achieve:

What does Trump’s executive order do?

The executive order signed on Monday tries to make it so that children born in the US, but without at least one parent who is a lawful permanent resident or US citizen, are no longer automatically extended US citizenship.

It also disallows federal agencies from issuing or recognizing documentation proving US citizenship for such children.

Notably, the executive order targets kids born to both unauthorized immigrants and people legally in the US on temporary visas.

Could Trump actually end birthright citizenship?

Maybe – although likely not, and almost definitely not through executive order.

The Citizenship Clause is part of the US constitution, the nation’s founding document. Generally, legal scholars strongly suggest that neither executive action nor legislation should be able to supersede the constitution’s guarantee of birthright citizenship for those born on US soil.

Forcing the supreme court to reinterpret the 14th amendment is likely part of the long game that the Trump administration is playing with its executive order.

Read more of Alexandra Villarreal’s explainer here: What is US birthright citizenship and what does Trump’s executive order do?

Writing for The Hill political website in the US, Niall Strange has highlighted president Joe Biden’s late issuing of pardons as one of their five key takeaways from yesterday’s inauguration day. He wrote:

Biden issued pre-emptive pardons to five members of his own family. The family pardons, in particular, seemed an inglorious way for the outgoing president to depart.

Prior to the Hunter Biden pardon, the elder Biden had repeatedly argued that Trump was the one who sought to bend the justice system to his personal benefit.

Now, on his way out the door, the 46th president has issued blanket pardons to his brother James, his sister Valerie and their respective spouses. He also pardoned his other brother, Francis.

Announcing the pardons, Biden contended that “my family has been subjected to unrelenting attacks and threats, motivated solely by a desire to hurt me – the worst kind of partisan politics.”

Still, the last-minute nature of the pardons was a bad look for a president who had presented himself as a defender of democratic and legal norms.

Pelosi: ‘shameful’ that Trump has made 6 January pardons a top priority

The Democratic party former House speaker Nancy Pelosi has described it as “shameful” and “an outrageous insult” that newly inaugurated president Donald Trump has made pardons for those involved in the 6 January Capitol riot a top priority.

In the statement, Pelosi said:

Tonight, the president announced pardons and commutations of sentences for those who violently attacked the Capitol and law enforcement officers on 6 January. The president’s actions are an outrageous insult to our justice system and the heroes who suffered physical scars and emotional trauma as they protected the Capitol, the Congress and the constitution.

It is shameful that the president has decided to make one of his top priorities the abandonment and betrayal of police officers who put their lives on the line to stop an attempt to subvert the peaceful transfer of power. Despite the president’s decision, we must always remember the extraordinary courage and valor of the law enforcement heroes who stood in the breach and ensured that democracy survived on that dark day.”

Trump on Monday issued “full, complete and unconditional” presidential pardons for about 1,500 people who were involved in the January 6 attack on Congress, including some convicted of violent acts. Among those whose sentences were commuted was Stewart Rhodes, the founder of the far-right Oath Keepers militia.

Sam Jones is the Guardian’s Madrid correspondent

Spain’s labour minister and deputy prime minister, Yolanda Díaz, has announced that she has stopped using X following Elon Musk’s apparent Nazi salute at Donald Trump’s inauguration on Monday.

In a post on Bluesky, Díaz wrote: “For months now, Elon Musk has been using X for political ends. It has stopped being a tool for communication, or a social network, and has become a propaganda mechanism that uses its algorithm to favour some ideas over others and, by doing so, affect public opinion. Last night, the entire planet could see Elon Musk emulating the Nazi salute in the context of Donald Trump’s inauguration. It was a very stark image that has led me to make a decision I’ve been considering for months … From now on, I will not be using my [X] account.”

Díaz’s announcement came hours after Spain’s socialist prime minister, Pedro Sánchez, urged Europe to resist a big tech “class” trying to influence western governments and public debate through its “absolute power over social media”.

On Monday, Sánchez told a conference on artificial intelligence: “Faced with this we have to fight back and we must put forward alternatives … Europe must stand up to this threat and defend democracy.”

Elsewhere in Spain, the media have noted that Trump yesterday incorrectly claimed that Spain is among the BRICS nations (chiefly Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa), and the country could face 100% US tariffs on its products.

David Smith

My colleague David Smith in Washington had this sketch of yesterday’s events:

When the obituary of planet Earth is written, there may be a prominent slot for what took place in a basketball and ice hockey arena in downtown Washington on 20 January, 2025.

It was here that, with a wry head shake and gleeful twirl of the pen, Donald Trump again withdrew the US from the Paris climate agreement, to the joy and jubilation of 20,000 spectators apparently indifferent to fate of the pale blue dot they live on.

“We’re going to save over a trillion dollars by withdrawing from that treaty,” gushed an aide at Trump’s prompting, implying that watching the world burn is a small price to pay.

This was the moment it really hit home. Trump is back. The human wrecking ball who left a trail of chaos and division in his first four years has returned with a vengeance. America voted for this. People will get hurt.

Monday’s first batch of executive orders, contained in black folders, was also a reminder of Trump’s insatiable appetite for spectacle. His swearing in and inauguration parade had been brought indoors because of extreme cold weather. Naturally he saw an opportunity to turn it into a reality TV show.

Read more of David Smith’s sketch here: Trump the wrecking ball brings chaos to order, executing a parade of grievances

There has been diplomatic reaction from China to president Donald Trump’s opening blitz of policy announcements on inauguration day.

During the regular daily foreign ministry briefing, spokesperson Guo Jiakun said China is concerned at Trump’s announcement the US is again withdrawing from the Paris climate deal. Reuters quotes the official saying China is actively responding to climate change and will jointly promote global green and low-carbon transition.

The spokesperson also said that the World Health Organization should only be strengthened, not weakened. He said China would continue to support it in fulfilling its responsibilities. Trump has ordered the US to pull out of the UN health agency.

If you didn’t watch any of Donald Trump’s inauguration yesterday, or just want a reminder, our video team have put together this report highlighting the key moments.

Archie Bland

For the Guardian’s First Edition newsletter this morning, my colleague Archie Bland has this to say about Donald Trump’s inauguration speech yesterday:

The closest to an “American carnage” style soundbite this time around was the much more anodyne promise that 20 January would be remembered as “liberation day”. And Trump read out some poor speechwriter’s attempt at soaring rhetoric in the same tone he might use to repeat a particularly complex delivery order.

Still, if you listened to the detail, the same nihilistic picture, of a nation in a state of catastrophic decay, emerged among the attempts at nationalist fervour. As Margaret Sullivan notes in this panel of reaction from Guardian US columnists:

Donald Trump spoke of love, of God and of a new golden age for the United States of America. But just beneath that gilded surface, his inaugural speech sent a different message entirely.

That message: America has been invaded by “millions of criminal aliens” who would be sent home, while a state of emergency would be declared to allow the deployment of the military at the southern border with Mexico. The government would recognise “only two genders, male and female”. Support for electric cars would be reversed, and a “national energy emergency” declared to allow the suspension of environmental regulations and more drilling for oil and natural gas.

Read more from Archie Bland here: Tuesday briefing – What inauguration day told us about Trump’s plan for power

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Russia’s deputy foreign minister Sergei Ryabkov has reacted to Donald Trump’s words over the future of the Panama Canal.

State-owned Russian news agency reports, in response to a question, he said:

We expect that during the expected discussions between the leadership of Panama and US president Donald Trump on issues of control over the Panama Canal, which certainly falls within the sphere of their bilateral relations, the parties will respect the current international legal regime of this key waterway.

The canal was built by the US in the early 1900s after an earlier failed attempt by France, and a treaty signed by the late president Jimmy Carter in 1977 transferred the canal to Panama in 1999 and allowed any nation to use it.

The US launched a military invasion of Panama in 1989 that left as many as 1,000 people dead as it overthrew president Manuel Noriega.